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2021-05-09

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What Happens to Stocks and Cryptocurrencies When the Fed Stops Raining Money?<blockquote>当美联储停止投放资金时，股票和加密货币会发生什么？</blockquote>

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{"i18n":{"language":"zh_CN"},"detailType":1,"isChannel":false,"data":{"magic":2,"id":107292355,"tweetId":"107292355","gmtCreate":1620494353477,"gmtModify":1634198420758,"author":{"id":3581545771843484,"idStr":"3581545771843484","authorId":3581545771843484,"authorIdStr":"3581545771843484","name":"Ti82","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9dcf97e9c0724dd0190ad03354b136c5","vip":1,"userType":1,"introduction":"","boolIsFan":false,"boolIsHead":false,"crmLevel":11,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"individualDisplayBadges":[],"fanSize":3,"starInvestorFlag":false},"themes":[],"images":[],"coverImages":[],"extraTitle":"","html":"<html><head></head><body>Good read</body></html>","htmlText":"<html><head></head><body>Good read</body></html>","text":"Good read","highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":2,"commentSize":3,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/107292355","repostId":1122089368,"repostType":4,"repost":{"id":"1122089368","kind":"news","pubTimestamp":1620457397,"share":"https://www.laohu8.com/m/news/1122089368?lang=zh_CN&edition=full","pubTime":"2021-05-08 15:03","market":"us","language":"en","title":"What Happens to Stocks and Cryptocurrencies When the Fed Stops Raining Money?<blockquote>当美联储停止投放资金时，股票和加密货币会发生什么？</blockquote>","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1122089368","media":"The Wall Street Journal","summary":"To veterans of financial bubbles, there is plenty familiar about the present. Stock valuations are t","content":"To veterans of financial bubbles, there is plenty familiar about the present. Stock valuations are their richest since the dot-com bubble in 2000. Home prices are back to their pre-financial crisis peak. Risky companies can borrow at the lowest rates on record. Individual investors are pouring money into green energy and cryptocurrency.<blockquote>对于金融泡沫的老手来说，现在有很多熟悉的东西。股票估值是自2000年互联网泡沫以来最高的。房价回到了金融危机前的峰值。高风险公司可以以有记录以来的最低利率借款。个人投资者正在向绿色能源和加密货币投入资金。</blockquote>This boom has some legitimate explanations, from the advances in digital commerce to fiscally greased growth that will likely be the strongest since 1983.<blockquote>这种繁荣有一些合理的解释，从数字商务的进步到可能是1983年以来最强劲的财政增长。</blockquote>But there is one driver above all: the Federal Reserve. Easy monetary policy has regularly fueled financial booms, and it is exceptionally easy now. The Fed has kept interest rates near zero for the past year and signaled rates won’t change for at least two more years. It is buying hundreds of billions of dollars of bonds. As a result, the 10-year Treasury bond yield is well below inflation—that is, real yields are deeply negative —for only the second time in 40 years.<blockquote>但最重要的是一个驱动因素：美联储。宽松的货币政策经常推动金融繁荣，现在尤其容易。美联储在过去一年中将利率维持在接近零的水平，并暗示利率至少在两年内不会改变。它正在购买数千亿美元的债券。因此，10年期国债收益率远低于通胀——即实际收益率深度为负——这是40年来的第二次。</blockquote>There are good reasons why rates are so low. The Fed acted in response to a pandemic that at its most intense threatened even more damage than the 2007-09 financial crisis. Yet in great part thanks to the Fed and Congress, which has passed some $5 trillion in fiscal stimulus, this recovery looks much healthier than the last. That could undermine the reasons for such low rates, threatening the underpinnings of market.<blockquote>利率如此之低是有充分理由的。美联储采取行动是为了应对一场疫情，这场疫情在最严重的时候可能造成的损害甚至比2007-09年的金融危机还要大。然而，这在很大程度上要归功于美联储和国会通过了约5万亿美元的财政刺激计划，这次复苏看起来比上次要健康得多。这可能会削弱利率如此之低的原因，威胁市场的基础。</blockquote>“Equity markets at a minimum are priced to perfection on the assumption rates will be low for a long time,” said Harvard University economist Jeremy Stein, who served as a Fed governor alongside now-chairman Jerome Powell. “And certainly you get the sense the Fed is trying really hard to say, ‘Everything is fine, we’re in no rush to raise rates.’ But while I don’t think we’re headed for sustained high inflation it’s completely possible we’ll have several quarters of hot readings on inflation.”<blockquote>与现任主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔一起担任美联储理事的哈佛大学经济学家杰里米·斯坦表示：“假设利率将长期处于低位，股市的定价至少是完美的。”“当然，你会感觉到美联储非常努力地说，‘一切都很好，我们不急于加息。’但虽然我不认为我们会走向持续的高通胀，但这是完全有可能的。我们将有几个季度的通胀热点数据。”</blockquote>Since stocks’ valuations are only justified if interest rates stay extremely low, how do they reprice if the Fed has to tighten monetary policy to combat inflation and bond yields rise one to 1.5 percentage points, he asked. “You could get a serious correction in asset prices.”<blockquote>他问道，由于只有在利率保持极低水平的情况下，股票估值才是合理的，因此如果美联储不得不收紧货币政策以对抗通胀并且债券收益率上升1至1.5个百分点，股票如何重新定价。“资产价格可能会出现严重调整。”</blockquote>‘A bit frothy’<blockquote>“有点泡沫”</blockquote>The Fed has been here before. In the late 1990s its willingness to cut rates in response to the Asian financial crisis and the near collapse of the hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management was seen by some as an implicit market backstop, inflating the ensuing dot-com bubble. Its low-rate policy in the wake of that collapsed bubble was then blamed for driving up housing prices. Both times Fed officials defended their policy, arguing that to raise rates (or not cut them) simply to prevent bubbles would compromise their main goals of low unemployment and inflation, and do more harm than letting the bubble deflate on its own.<blockquote>美联储以前也来过这里。20世纪90年代末，为了应对亚洲金融危机和对冲基金长期资本管理公司几近崩溃，它愿意降息，这被一些人视为隐性的市场支持，助长了随后的互联网泡沫。泡沫破裂后的低利率政策被指责推高了房价。两次美联储官员都为自己的政策辩护，认为仅仅为了防止泡沫而加息（或不降息）会损害他们低失业率和通胀的主要目标，而且比让泡沫自行破灭造成的危害更大。</blockquote>As for this year, in a report this week the central bank warned asset “valuations are generally high” and “vulnerable to significant declines should investor risk appetite fall, progress on containing the virus disappoint, or the recovery stall.” On April 28 Mr. Powell acknowledged markets look “a bit frothy” and the Fed might be one of the reasons: “I won’t say it has nothing to do with monetary policy, but it has a tremendous amount to do with vaccination and reopening of the economy.” But he gave no hint the Fed was about to dial back its stimulus: “The economy is a long way from our goals.” A Labor Department report Friday showing that far fewer jobs were created in April than Wall Street expected underlined that.<blockquote>至于今年，央行在本周的一份报告中警告称，资产“估值普遍较高”，“如果投资者风险偏好下降、遏制病毒进展令人失望或复苏停滞，资产估值很容易大幅下跌”。4月28日，鲍威尔承认市场看起来“有点泡沫”，美联储可能是原因之一：“我不会说这与货币政策无关，但它与疫苗接种有很大关系和经济重新开放。”但他没有暗示美联储将缩减刺激措施：“经济距离我们的目标还有很长的路要走。”劳工部周五的一份报告显示，4月份创造的就业机会远低于华尔街的预期，这突显了这一点。</blockquote>The Fed’s choices are heavily influenced by the financial crisis. While the Fed cut rates to near zero and bought bonds then as well, it was battling powerful headwinds as households, banks, and governments sought to pay down debts. That held back spending and pushed inflation below the Fed’s 2% target. Deeper-seated forces such as aging populations also held down growth and interest rates, a combination some dubbed “secular stagnation.”<blockquote>美联储的选择深受金融危机的影响。尽管美联储当时将利率降至接近零的水平并购买了债券，但随着家庭、银行和政府寻求偿还债务，美联储正面临强大的阻力。这抑制了支出，并将通胀率推至美联储2%的目标以下。人口老龄化等深层次力量也抑制了经济增长和利率，一些人将这种组合称为“长期停滞”。</blockquote>The pandemic shutdown a year ago triggered a hit to economic output that was initially worse than the financial crisis. But after two months, economic activity began to recover as restrictions eased and businesses adapted to social distancing. The Fed initiated new lending programs and Congress passed the $2.2 trillion Cares Act. Vaccines arrived sooner than expected. The U.S. economy is likely to hit its pre-pandemic size in the current quarter, two years faster than after the financial crisis.<blockquote>一年前的疫情关闭引发了对经济产出的打击，最初比金融危机还要严重。但两个月后，随着限制放松和企业适应社交距离，经济活动开始复苏。美联储启动了新的贷款计划，国会通过了2.2万亿美元的Cares法案。疫苗比预期的更早到达。美国经济可能会在本季度达到大流行前的规模，比金融危机后快两年。</blockquote>And yet even as the outlook has improved, the fiscal and monetary taps remain wide open. Democrats first proposed an additional $3 trillion in stimulus last May when output was expected to fall 6% last year. It actually fell less than half that, but Democrats, after winning both the White House and Congress, pressed ahead with the same size stimulus.<blockquote>然而，即使前景有所改善，财政和货币的水龙头仍然敞开着。去年5月，民主党人首次提出额外3万亿美元的刺激计划，当时预计去年产出将下降6%。实际上下降了不到一半，但民主党在赢得白宫和国会后，继续推进同样规模的刺激计划。</blockquote>The Fed began buying bonds in March, 2020 to counter chaotic conditions in markets. In late summer, with markets functioning normally, it extended the program while tilting the rationale toward keeping bond yields low.<blockquote>美联储于2020年3月开始购买债券，以应对市场的混乱状况。夏末，随着市场正常运转，它延长了该计划，同时将理由转向保持低债券收益率。</blockquote>At the same time it unveiled a new framework: After years of inflation running below 2%, it would aim to push inflation not just back to 2% but higher, so that over time average and expected inflation would both stabilize at 2%. To that end, it promised not to raise rates until full employment had been restored and inflation was 2% and headed higher. Officials predicted that would not happen before 2024 and have since stuck to that guidance despite a significantly improving outlook.<blockquote>与此同时，它公布了一个新框架：在通胀率多年低于2%之后，它的目标是将通胀率不仅推回到2%，而且更高，以便随着时间的推移，平均通胀率和预期通胀率都稳定在2%。为此，它承诺在充分就业恢复、通胀率达到2%并走高之前不会加息。官员们预测这种情况在2024年之前不会发生，尽管前景显着改善，但此后仍坚持这一指导。</blockquote>Running of the bulls<blockquote>奔牛节</blockquote>This injection of unprecedented monetary and fiscal stimulus into an economy already rebounding thanks to vaccinations is why Wall Street strategists are their most bullish on stocks since before the last financial crisis, according to a survey byBank of AmericaCorp.While profit forecasts have risen briskly, stocks have risen more. The S&amp;P 500 stock index now trades at about 22 times the coming year’s profits, according to FactSet, a level only exceeded at the peak of the dot-com boom in 2000.<blockquote>美国银行的一项调查显示，向因疫苗接种而已经反弹的经济注入前所未有的货币和财政刺激措施，这就是华尔街策略师自上次金融危机前以来最看好股市的原因。虽然盈利预测大幅上升，但股市涨幅更大。根据FactSet的数据，标普500股票指数目前的交易价格约为来年利润的22倍，这一水平仅在2000年互联网繁荣的顶峰时期才超过。</blockquote>Other asset markets are similarly stretched. Investors are willing to buy the bonds of junk-rated companies at the lowest yields since at least 1995, and the narrowest spread above safe Treasurys since 2007, according to Bloomberg Barclays data. Residential and commercial property prices, adjusted for inflation, are around the peak reached in 2006.<blockquote>其他资产市场也同样捉襟见肘。根据彭博巴克莱的数据，投资者愿意以至少1995年以来的最低收益率以及自2007年以来与安全国债的最窄利差购买垃圾级公司的债券。经通胀调整后，住宅和商业地产价格接近2006年达到的峰值。</blockquote>Stock and property valuations are more justifiable today than in 2000 or in 2006 because the returns on riskless Treasury bonds are so much lower. In that sense, the Fed’s policies are working precisely as intended: improving both the economic outlook, which is good for profits, housing demand, and corporate creditworthiness; and the appetite for risk.<blockquote>今天的股票和房地产估值比2000年或2006年更加合理，因为无风险国债的回报率要低得多。从这个意义上说，美联储的政策完全按照预期发挥作用：改善经济前景，这有利于利润、住房需求和企业信誉；和风险偏好。</blockquote>Nonetheless, low rates are no longer sufficient to justify some asset valuations. Instead, bulls invoke alternative metrics.<blockquote>尽管如此，低利率不再足以证明某些资产估值的合理性。相反，多头会调用替代指标。</blockquote>Bank of America recently noted companies with relatively low carbon emissions and higher water efficiency earn higher valuations. These valuations aren’t the result of superior cash flow or profit prospects, but a tidal wave of funds invested according to environmental, social and governance, or ESG, criteria.<blockquote>美国银行最近指出，碳排放量相对较低、用水效率较高的公司估值较高。这些估值并不是优越的现金流或利润前景的结果，而是根据环境、社会和治理（ESG）标准投资的资金浪潮。</blockquote>Conventional valuation is also useless for cryptocurrencies which earn no interest, rent or dividends. Instead, advocates claim digital currencies will displace the fiat currencies issued by central banks as a transaction medium and store of value. “Crypto has the potential to be as revolutionary and widely adopted as the internet,” claims the prospectus of the initial public offering of crypto exchangeCoinbase GlobalInc.,in language reminiscent of internet-related IPOs more than two decades earlier. Cryptocurrencies as of April 29 were worth more than $2 trillion, according to CoinDesk, an information service, roughly equivalent to all U.S. dollars in circulation.<blockquote>对于不赚取利息、租金或股息的加密货币，传统估值也毫无用处。相反，倡导者声称数字货币将取代央行发行的法定货币作为交易媒介和价值储存手段。“加密货币有可能像互联网一样具有革命性并被广泛采用，”加密货币交易所Coinbase GlobalInc.首次公开募股的招股说明书称，其语言让人想起二十多年前与互联网相关的IPO。根据信息服务机构CoinDesk的数据，截至4月29日，加密货币的价值超过2万亿美元，大致相当于流通中的所有美元。</blockquote>Financial innovation is also at work, as it has been in past financial booms. Portfolio insurance, a strategy designed to hedge against market losses, amplified selling during the 1987 stock market crash. In the 1990s, internet stockbrokers fueled tech stocks and in the 2000s, subprime mortgage derivatives helped finance housing. The equivalent today are zero commission brokers such as Robinhood Markets Inc., fractional ownership and social media, all of which have empowered individual investors.<blockquote>金融创新也在发挥作用，就像过去的金融繁荣一样。投资组合保险是一种旨在对冲市场损失的策略，在1987年股市崩盘期间放大了抛售。20世纪90年代，互联网股票经纪人推动了科技股的上涨，而在21世纪初，次级抵押贷款衍生品帮助为住房融资。今天的等价物是零佣金经纪商，如Robinhood Markets Inc.、部分所有权和社交媒体，所有这些都赋予了个人投资者权力。</blockquote>Such investors increasingly influence the overall market’s direction, according to a recent report by the Bank for International Settlements, a consortium of the world’s central banks. It found, for example, that since 2017 trading volume in exchange-traded funds that track the S&amp;P 500, a favorite of institutional investors, has flattened while the volume in its component stocks, which individual investors prefer, has climbed. Individuals, it noted, are more likely to buy a company’s shares for reasons unrelated to its underlying business—because, for example, its name is similar to another stock that is on the rise.<blockquote>根据世界各国央行组成的财团国际清算银行最近的一份报告，此类投资者越来越多地影响整体市场的走向。例如，它发现，自2017年以来，跟踪机构投资者最喜欢的标普500的交易所交易基金的交易量已经持平，而个人投资者更喜欢的成分股的交易量却在攀升。报告指出，个人更有可能出于与其基础业务无关的原因购买一家公司的股票，例如，因为该公司的名称与另一只正在上涨的股票相似。</blockquote>While such speculation is often blamed on the Fed, drawing a direct line is difficult. Not so with fiscal stimulus. Jim Bianco, the head of financial research firm Bianco Research, said flows into exchange-traded funds and mutual funds jumped in March as the Treasury distributed $1,400 stimulus checks. “The first thing you do with your check is deposit it in your account and in 2021 that’s your brokerage account,” said Mr. Bianco.<blockquote>虽然这种猜测经常被归咎于美联储，但很难划清界限。财政刺激则不然。金融研究公司Bianco Research的负责人Jim Bianco表示，随着财政部发放1400美元的刺激支票，3月份流入交易所交易基金和共同基金的资金激增。“你用支票做的第一件事就是将其存入你的账户，到2021年，这就是你的经纪账户，”比安科先生说。</blockquote>Facing the future<blockquote>面向未来</blockquote>It’s impossible to predict how, or even whether, this all ends. It doesn’t have to: High-priced stocks could eventually earn the profits necessary to justify today’s valuations, especially with the economy’s current head of steam. In he meantime, more extreme pockets of speculation may collapse under their own weight as profits disappoint or competition emerges.<blockquote>无法预测这一切将如何结束，甚至是否会结束。事实并非如此：高价股票最终可能会赚取必要的利润来证明当今的估值是合理的，尤其是在经济目前处于领先地位的情况下。与此同时，随着利润令人失望或竞争的出现，更极端的投机领域可能会在自身压力下崩溃。</blockquote>Bitcoin once threatened to displace the dollar; now numerous competitors purport to do the same.TeslaInc.was once about the only stock you could buy to bet on electric vehicles; now there is China’s NIO Inc.,NikolaCorp., andFiskerInc.,not to mention established manufacturers such as Volkswagen AG andGeneral MotorsCo.that are rolling out ever more electric models.<blockquote>比特币曾威胁要取代美元；现在，许多竞争对手也声称要做同样的事情。特斯拉公司曾经是你唯一可以购买来押注电动汽车的股票；现在有蔚来、NikolaCorp.和FiskerInc.，更不用说大众汽车公司和通用汽车公司等老牌制造商正在推出越来越多的电动车型。</blockquote>But for assets across the board to fall would likely involve some sort of macroeconomic event, such as a recession, financial crisis, or inflation.<blockquote>但资产全面下跌可能涉及某种宏观经济事件，例如经济衰退、金融危机或通货膨胀。</blockquote>The Fed report this past week said the virus remains the biggest threat to the economy and thus the financial system. April’s jobs disappointment was a reminder of how unsettled the economic outlook remains. Still, with the virus in retreat, a recession seems unlikely now. A financial crisis linked to some hidden fragility can’t be ruled out. Still, banks have so much capital and mortgage underwriting is so tight that something similar to the 2007-09 financial crisis, which began with defaulting mortgages, seems remote. If junk bonds, cryptocoins or tech stocks are bought primarily with borrowed money, a plunge in their values could precipitate a wave of forced selling, bankruptcies and potentially a crisis. But that doesn’t seem to have happened. The recent collapse of Archegos Capital Management from reversals on derivatives-based stock investments inflicted losses on its lenders. But it didn’t threaten their survival or trigger contagion to similarly situated firms.<blockquote>美联储上周的报告称，该病毒仍然是对经济乃至金融体系的最大威胁。4月份的就业令人失望提醒人们经济前景仍然多么不稳定。尽管如此，随着病毒的消退，经济衰退现在似乎不太可能发生。不能排除与一些隐藏的脆弱性相关的金融危机。尽管如此，银行拥有如此多的资本，而抵押贷款承销又如此紧张，以至于类似于2007-09年始于抵押贷款违约的金融危机似乎很遥远。如果垃圾债券、加密货币或科技股主要是用借来的钱购买的，其价值暴跌可能会引发一波强制抛售、破产和潜在的危机。但这似乎并没有发生。Archegos Capital Management最近因衍生品股票投资逆转而倒闭，给其贷方造成了损失。但这并没有威胁到他们的生存，也没有引发对处境相似的公司的蔓延。</blockquote>“Where’s the second Archegos?” said Mr. Bianco. “There hasn’t been one yet.”<blockquote>“第二个阿尔奇戈斯在哪里？”比安科先生说。“还没有。”</blockquote>That leaves inflation. Fear of inflation is widespread now with shortages of semiconductors, lumber, and workers all putting upward pressure on prices and costs. Most forecasters, and the Fed, think those pressures will ease once the economy has reopened and normal spending patterns resume. Nonetheless, the difference between yields on regular and inflation-indexed bond yields suggest investors are expecting inflation in coming years to average about 2.5%. That is hardly a repeat of the 1970s, and compatible with the Fed’s new goal of average 2% inflation over the long term. Nonetheless, it would be a clear break from the sub-2% range of the last decade.<blockquote>这就剩下通货膨胀了。由于半导体、木材和工人的短缺都给价格和成本带来了上行压力，对通胀的担忧现在很普遍。大多数预测者和美联储认为，一旦经济重新开放和正常支出模式恢复，这些压力将会缓解。尽管如此，常规债券收益率和通胀指数债券收益率之间的差异表明，投资者预计未来几年的通胀率平均约为2.5%。这很难是20世纪70年代的重演，也符合美联储长期平均通胀率2%的新目标。尽管如此，这将明显打破过去十年低于2%的区间。</blockquote>Slightly higher inflation would result in the Fed setting short-term interest rates also slightly higher, which need not hurt stock valuations. More worrisome: Long-term bond yields, which are critical to stock values, might rise significantly more. Since the late 1990s, bond and stock prices have tended to move in opposite directions. That is because when inflation isn’t a concern, economic shocks tend to drive both bond yields (which move in the opposite direction to prices) and stock prices down. Bonds thus act as an insurance policy against losses on stocks, for which investors are willing to accept lower yields. If inflation becomes a problem again, then bonds lose that insurance value and their yields will rise. In recent months that stock-bond correlation, in place for most of the last few decades, began to disappear, said Brian Sack, a former Fed economist who is now with hedge fund D.E. Shaw &amp; Co. LP. He attributes that, in part, to inflation concerns.<blockquote>通胀略高将导致美联储将短期利率也略高，这不一定会损害股票估值。更令人担忧的是：对股票价值至关重要的长期债券收益率可能会大幅上升。自20世纪90年代末以来，债券和股票价格往往朝着相反的方向波动。这是因为当通胀不是问题时，经济冲击往往会压低债券收益率（与价格走势相反）和股票价格。因此，债券充当了抵御股票损失的保险政策，投资者愿意接受较低的收益率。如果通货膨胀再次成为一个问题，那么债券就会失去保险价值，其收益率就会上升。前美联储经济学家、现就职于对冲基金D.E.的布莱恩·萨克(Brian Sack)表示，近几个月来，过去几十年大部分时间里存在的股债相关性开始消失。肖公司。他将此部分归因于通胀担忧。</blockquote>The many years since inflation dominated the financial landscape have led investors to price assets as if inflation never will have that sway again. They may be right. But if the unprecedented combination of monetary and fiscal stimulus succeeds in jolting the economy out of the last decade’s pattern, that complacency could prove quite costly.<blockquote>多年来，通货膨胀主导了金融领域，这导致投资者对资产定价，就好像通货膨胀再也不会产生这种影响一样。他们可能是对的。但如果史无前例的货币和财政刺激组合成功地使经济摆脱了过去十年的模式，这种自满可能会付出相当大的代价。</blockquote>","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>What Happens to Stocks and Cryptocurrencies When the Fed Stops Raining Money?<blockquote>当美联储停止投放资金时，股票和加密货币会发生什么？</blockquote></title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 12.5px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\nWhat Happens to Stocks and Cryptocurrencies When the Fed Stops Raining Money?<blockquote>当美联储停止投放资金时，股票和加密货币会发生什么？</blockquote>\n</h2>\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\nThe Wall Street Journal2021-05-08 15:03\n\n</h4>\n</header>\n<article>\nTo veterans of financial bubbles, there is plenty familiar about the present. Stock valuations are their richest since the dot-com bubble in 2000. Home prices are back to their pre-financial crisis peak. Risky companies can borrow at the lowest rates on record. Individual investors are pouring money into green energy and cryptocurrency.<blockquote>对于金融泡沫的老手来说，现在有很多熟悉的东西。股票估值是自2000年互联网泡沫以来最高的。房价回到了金融危机前的峰值。高风险公司可以以有记录以来的最低利率借款。个人投资者正在向绿色能源和加密货币投入资金。</blockquote>This boom has some legitimate explanations, from the advances in digital commerce to fiscally greased growth that will likely be the strongest since 1983.<blockquote>这种繁荣有一些合理的解释，从数字商务的进步到可能是1983年以来最强劲的财政增长。</blockquote>But there is one driver above all: the Federal Reserve. Easy monetary policy has regularly fueled financial booms, and it is exceptionally easy now. The Fed has kept interest rates near zero for the past year and signaled rates won’t change for at least two more years. It is buying hundreds of billions of dollars of bonds. As a result, the 10-year Treasury bond yield is well below inflation—that is, real yields are deeply negative —for only the second time in 40 years.<blockquote>但最重要的是一个驱动因素：美联储。宽松的货币政策经常推动金融繁荣，现在尤其容易。美联储在过去一年中将利率维持在接近零的水平，并暗示利率至少在两年内不会改变。它正在购买数千亿美元的债券。因此，10年期国债收益率远低于通胀——即实际收益率深度为负——这是40年来的第二次。</blockquote>There are good reasons why rates are so low. The Fed acted in response to a pandemic that at its most intense threatened even more damage than the 2007-09 financial crisis. Yet in great part thanks to the Fed and Congress, which has passed some $5 trillion in fiscal stimulus, this recovery looks much healthier than the last. That could undermine the reasons for such low rates, threatening the underpinnings of market.<blockquote>利率如此之低是有充分理由的。美联储采取行动是为了应对一场疫情，这场疫情在最严重的时候可能造成的损害甚至比2007-09年的金融危机还要大。然而，这在很大程度上要归功于美联储和国会通过了约5万亿美元的财政刺激计划，这次复苏看起来比上次要健康得多。这可能会削弱利率如此之低的原因，威胁市场的基础。</blockquote>“Equity markets at a minimum are priced to perfection on the assumption rates will be low for a long time,” said Harvard University economist Jeremy Stein, who served as a Fed governor alongside now-chairman Jerome Powell. “And certainly you get the sense the Fed is trying really hard to say, ‘Everything is fine, we’re in no rush to raise rates.’ But while I don’t think we’re headed for sustained high inflation it’s completely possible we’ll have several quarters of hot readings on inflation.”<blockquote>与现任主席杰罗姆·鲍威尔一起担任美联储理事的哈佛大学经济学家杰里米·斯坦表示：“假设利率将长期处于低位，股市的定价至少是完美的。”“当然，你会感觉到美联储非常努力地说，‘一切都很好，我们不急于加息。’但虽然我不认为我们会走向持续的高通胀，但这是完全有可能的。我们将有几个季度的通胀热点数据。”</blockquote>Since stocks’ valuations are only justified if interest rates stay extremely low, how do they reprice if the Fed has to tighten monetary policy to combat inflation and bond yields rise one to 1.5 percentage points, he asked. “You could get a serious correction in asset prices.”<blockquote>他问道，由于只有在利率保持极低水平的情况下，股票估值才是合理的，因此如果美联储不得不收紧货币政策以对抗通胀并且债券收益率上升1至1.5个百分点，股票如何重新定价。“资产价格可能会出现严重调整。”</blockquote>‘A bit frothy’<blockquote>“有点泡沫”</blockquote>The Fed has been here before. In the late 1990s its willingness to cut rates in response to the Asian financial crisis and the near collapse of the hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management was seen by some as an implicit market backstop, inflating the ensuing dot-com bubble. Its low-rate policy in the wake of that collapsed bubble was then blamed for driving up housing prices. Both times Fed officials defended their policy, arguing that to raise rates (or not cut them) simply to prevent bubbles would compromise their main goals of low unemployment and inflation, and do more harm than letting the bubble deflate on its own.<blockquote>美联储以前也来过这里。20世纪90年代末，为了应对亚洲金融危机和对冲基金长期资本管理公司几近崩溃，它愿意降息，这被一些人视为隐性的市场支持，助长了随后的互联网泡沫。泡沫破裂后的低利率政策被指责推高了房价。两次美联储官员都为自己的政策辩护，认为仅仅为了防止泡沫而加息（或不降息）会损害他们低失业率和通胀的主要目标，而且比让泡沫自行破灭造成的危害更大。</blockquote>As for this year, in a report this week the central bank warned asset “valuations are generally high” and “vulnerable to significant declines should investor risk appetite fall, progress on containing the virus disappoint, or the recovery stall.” On April 28 Mr. Powell acknowledged markets look “a bit frothy” and the Fed might be one of the reasons: “I won’t say it has nothing to do with monetary policy, but it has a tremendous amount to do with vaccination and reopening of the economy.” But he gave no hint the Fed was about to dial back its stimulus: “The economy is a long way from our goals.” A Labor Department report Friday showing that far fewer jobs were created in April than Wall Street expected underlined that.<blockquote>至于今年，央行在本周的一份报告中警告称，资产“估值普遍较高”，“如果投资者风险偏好下降、遏制病毒进展令人失望或复苏停滞，资产估值很容易大幅下跌”。4月28日，鲍威尔承认市场看起来“有点泡沫”，美联储可能是原因之一：“我不会说这与货币政策无关，但它与疫苗接种有很大关系和经济重新开放。”但他没有暗示美联储将缩减刺激措施：“经济距离我们的目标还有很长的路要走。”劳工部周五的一份报告显示，4月份创造的就业机会远低于华尔街的预期，这突显了这一点。</blockquote>The Fed’s choices are heavily influenced by the financial crisis. While the Fed cut rates to near zero and bought bonds then as well, it was battling powerful headwinds as households, banks, and governments sought to pay down debts. That held back spending and pushed inflation below the Fed’s 2% target. Deeper-seated forces such as aging populations also held down growth and interest rates, a combination some dubbed “secular stagnation.”<blockquote>美联储的选择深受金融危机的影响。尽管美联储当时将利率降至接近零的水平并购买了债券，但随着家庭、银行和政府寻求偿还债务，美联储正面临强大的阻力。这抑制了支出，并将通胀率推至美联储2%的目标以下。人口老龄化等深层次力量也抑制了经济增长和利率，一些人将这种组合称为“长期停滞”。</blockquote>The pandemic shutdown a year ago triggered a hit to economic output that was initially worse than the financial crisis. But after two months, economic activity began to recover as restrictions eased and businesses adapted to social distancing. The Fed initiated new lending programs and Congress passed the $2.2 trillion Cares Act. Vaccines arrived sooner than expected. The U.S. economy is likely to hit its pre-pandemic size in the current quarter, two years faster than after the financial crisis.<blockquote>一年前的疫情关闭引发了对经济产出的打击，最初比金融危机还要严重。但两个月后，随着限制放松和企业适应社交距离，经济活动开始复苏。美联储启动了新的贷款计划，国会通过了2.2万亿美元的Cares法案。疫苗比预期的更早到达。美国经济可能会在本季度达到大流行前的规模，比金融危机后快两年。</blockquote>And yet even as the outlook has improved, the fiscal and monetary taps remain wide open. Democrats first proposed an additional $3 trillion in stimulus last May when output was expected to fall 6% last year. It actually fell less than half that, but Democrats, after winning both the White House and Congress, pressed ahead with the same size stimulus.<blockquote>然而，即使前景有所改善，财政和货币的水龙头仍然敞开着。去年5月，民主党人首次提出额外3万亿美元的刺激计划，当时预计去年产出将下降6%。实际上下降了不到一半，但民主党在赢得白宫和国会后，继续推进同样规模的刺激计划。</blockquote>The Fed began buying bonds in March, 2020 to counter chaotic conditions in markets. In late summer, with markets functioning normally, it extended the program while tilting the rationale toward keeping bond yields low.<blockquote>美联储于2020年3月开始购买债券，以应对市场的混乱状况。夏末，随着市场正常运转，它延长了该计划，同时将理由转向保持低债券收益率。</blockquote>At the same time it unveiled a new framework: After years of inflation running below 2%, it would aim to push inflation not just back to 2% but higher, so that over time average and expected inflation would both stabilize at 2%. To that end, it promised not to raise rates until full employment had been restored and inflation was 2% and headed higher. Officials predicted that would not happen before 2024 and have since stuck to that guidance despite a significantly improving outlook.<blockquote>与此同时，它公布了一个新框架：在通胀率多年低于2%之后，它的目标是将通胀率不仅推回到2%，而且更高，以便随着时间的推移，平均通胀率和预期通胀率都稳定在2%。为此，它承诺在充分就业恢复、通胀率达到2%并走高之前不会加息。官员们预测这种情况在2024年之前不会发生，尽管前景显着改善，但此后仍坚持这一指导。</blockquote>Running of the bulls<blockquote>奔牛节</blockquote>This injection of unprecedented monetary and fiscal stimulus into an economy already rebounding thanks to vaccinations is why Wall Street strategists are their most bullish on stocks since before the last financial crisis, according to a survey byBank of AmericaCorp.While profit forecasts have risen briskly, stocks have risen more. The S&amp;P 500 stock index now trades at about 22 times the coming year’s profits, according to FactSet, a level only exceeded at the peak of the dot-com boom in 2000.<blockquote>美国银行的一项调查显示，向因疫苗接种而已经反弹的经济注入前所未有的货币和财政刺激措施，这就是华尔街策略师自上次金融危机前以来最看好股市的原因。虽然盈利预测大幅上升，但股市涨幅更大。根据FactSet的数据，标普500股票指数目前的交易价格约为来年利润的22倍，这一水平仅在2000年互联网繁荣的顶峰时期才超过。</blockquote>Other asset markets are similarly stretched. Investors are willing to buy the bonds of junk-rated companies at the lowest yields since at least 1995, and the narrowest spread above safe Treasurys since 2007, according to Bloomberg Barclays data. Residential and commercial property prices, adjusted for inflation, are around the peak reached in 2006.<blockquote>其他资产市场也同样捉襟见肘。根据彭博巴克莱的数据，投资者愿意以至少1995年以来的最低收益率以及自2007年以来与安全国债的最窄利差购买垃圾级公司的债券。经通胀调整后，住宅和商业地产价格接近2006年达到的峰值。</blockquote>Stock and property valuations are more justifiable today than in 2000 or in 2006 because the returns on riskless Treasury bonds are so much lower. In that sense, the Fed’s policies are working precisely as intended: improving both the economic outlook, which is good for profits, housing demand, and corporate creditworthiness; and the appetite for risk.<blockquote>今天的股票和房地产估值比2000年或2006年更加合理，因为无风险国债的回报率要低得多。从这个意义上说，美联储的政策完全按照预期发挥作用：改善经济前景，这有利于利润、住房需求和企业信誉；和风险偏好。</blockquote>Nonetheless, low rates are no longer sufficient to justify some asset valuations. Instead, bulls invoke alternative metrics.<blockquote>尽管如此，低利率不再足以证明某些资产估值的合理性。相反，多头会调用替代指标。</blockquote>Bank of America recently noted companies with relatively low carbon emissions and higher water efficiency earn higher valuations. These valuations aren’t the result of superior cash flow or profit prospects, but a tidal wave of funds invested according to environmental, social and governance, or ESG, criteria.<blockquote>美国银行最近指出，碳排放量相对较低、用水效率较高的公司估值较高。这些估值并不是优越的现金流或利润前景的结果，而是根据环境、社会和治理（ESG）标准投资的资金浪潮。</blockquote>Conventional valuation is also useless for cryptocurrencies which earn no interest, rent or dividends. Instead, advocates claim digital currencies will displace the fiat currencies issued by central banks as a transaction medium and store of value. “Crypto has the potential to be as revolutionary and widely adopted as the internet,” claims the prospectus of the initial public offering of crypto exchangeCoinbase GlobalInc.,in language reminiscent of internet-related IPOs more than two decades earlier. Cryptocurrencies as of April 29 were worth more than $2 trillion, according to CoinDesk, an information service, roughly equivalent to all U.S. dollars in circulation.<blockquote>对于不赚取利息、租金或股息的加密货币，传统估值也毫无用处。相反，倡导者声称数字货币将取代央行发行的法定货币作为交易媒介和价值储存手段。“加密货币有可能像互联网一样具有革命性并被广泛采用，”加密货币交易所Coinbase GlobalInc.首次公开募股的招股说明书称，其语言让人想起二十多年前与互联网相关的IPO。根据信息服务机构CoinDesk的数据，截至4月29日，加密货币的价值超过2万亿美元，大致相当于流通中的所有美元。</blockquote>Financial innovation is also at work, as it has been in past financial booms. Portfolio insurance, a strategy designed to hedge against market losses, amplified selling during the 1987 stock market crash. In the 1990s, internet stockbrokers fueled tech stocks and in the 2000s, subprime mortgage derivatives helped finance housing. The equivalent today are zero commission brokers such as Robinhood Markets Inc., fractional ownership and social media, all of which have empowered individual investors.<blockquote>金融创新也在发挥作用，就像过去的金融繁荣一样。投资组合保险是一种旨在对冲市场损失的策略，在1987年股市崩盘期间放大了抛售。20世纪90年代，互联网股票经纪人推动了科技股的上涨，而在21世纪初，次级抵押贷款衍生品帮助为住房融资。今天的等价物是零佣金经纪商，如Robinhood Markets Inc.、部分所有权和社交媒体，所有这些都赋予了个人投资者权力。</blockquote>Such investors increasingly influence the overall market’s direction, according to a recent report by the Bank for International Settlements, a consortium of the world’s central banks. It found, for example, that since 2017 trading volume in exchange-traded funds that track the S&amp;P 500, a favorite of institutional investors, has flattened while the volume in its component stocks, which individual investors prefer, has climbed. Individuals, it noted, are more likely to buy a company’s shares for reasons unrelated to its underlying business—because, for example, its name is similar to another stock that is on the rise.<blockquote>根据世界各国央行组成的财团国际清算银行最近的一份报告，此类投资者越来越多地影响整体市场的走向。例如，它发现，自2017年以来，跟踪机构投资者最喜欢的标普500的交易所交易基金的交易量已经持平，而个人投资者更喜欢的成分股的交易量却在攀升。报告指出，个人更有可能出于与其基础业务无关的原因购买一家公司的股票，例如，因为该公司的名称与另一只正在上涨的股票相似。</blockquote>While such speculation is often blamed on the Fed, drawing a direct line is difficult. Not so with fiscal stimulus. Jim Bianco, the head of financial research firm Bianco Research, said flows into exchange-traded funds and mutual funds jumped in March as the Treasury distributed $1,400 stimulus checks. “The first thing you do with your check is deposit it in your account and in 2021 that’s your brokerage account,” said Mr. Bianco.<blockquote>虽然这种猜测经常被归咎于美联储，但很难划清界限。财政刺激则不然。金融研究公司Bianco Research的负责人Jim Bianco表示，随着财政部发放1400美元的刺激支票，3月份流入交易所交易基金和共同基金的资金激增。“你用支票做的第一件事就是将其存入你的账户，到2021年，这就是你的经纪账户，”比安科先生说。</blockquote>Facing the future<blockquote>面向未来</blockquote>It’s impossible to predict how, or even whether, this all ends. It doesn’t have to: High-priced stocks could eventually earn the profits necessary to justify today’s valuations, especially with the economy’s current head of steam. In he meantime, more extreme pockets of speculation may collapse under their own weight as profits disappoint or competition emerges.<blockquote>无法预测这一切将如何结束，甚至是否会结束。事实并非如此：高价股票最终可能会赚取必要的利润来证明当今的估值是合理的，尤其是在经济目前处于领先地位的情况下。与此同时，随着利润令人失望或竞争的出现，更极端的投机领域可能会在自身压力下崩溃。</blockquote>Bitcoin once threatened to displace the dollar; now numerous competitors purport to do the same.TeslaInc.was once about the only stock you could buy to bet on electric vehicles; now there is China’s NIO Inc.,NikolaCorp., andFiskerInc.,not to mention established manufacturers such as Volkswagen AG andGeneral MotorsCo.that are rolling out ever more electric models.<blockquote>比特币曾威胁要取代美元；现在，许多竞争对手也声称要做同样的事情。特斯拉公司曾经是你唯一可以购买来押注电动汽车的股票；现在有蔚来、NikolaCorp.和FiskerInc.，更不用说大众汽车公司和通用汽车公司等老牌制造商正在推出越来越多的电动车型。</blockquote>But for assets across the board to fall would likely involve some sort of macroeconomic event, such as a recession, financial crisis, or inflation.<blockquote>但资产全面下跌可能涉及某种宏观经济事件，例如经济衰退、金融危机或通货膨胀。</blockquote>The Fed report this past week said the virus remains the biggest threat to the economy and thus the financial system. April’s jobs disappointment was a reminder of how unsettled the economic outlook remains. Still, with the virus in retreat, a recession seems unlikely now. A financial crisis linked to some hidden fragility can’t be ruled out. Still, banks have so much capital and mortgage underwriting is so tight that something similar to the 2007-09 financial crisis, which began with defaulting mortgages, seems remote. If junk bonds, cryptocoins or tech stocks are bought primarily with borrowed money, a plunge in their values could precipitate a wave of forced selling, bankruptcies and potentially a crisis. But that doesn’t seem to have happened. The recent collapse of Archegos Capital Management from reversals on derivatives-based stock investments inflicted losses on its lenders. But it didn’t threaten their survival or trigger contagion to similarly situated firms.<blockquote>美联储上周的报告称，该病毒仍然是对经济乃至金融体系的最大威胁。4月份的就业令人失望提醒人们经济前景仍然多么不稳定。尽管如此，随着病毒的消退，经济衰退现在似乎不太可能发生。不能排除与一些隐藏的脆弱性相关的金融危机。尽管如此，银行拥有如此多的资本，而抵押贷款承销又如此紧张，以至于类似于2007-09年始于抵押贷款违约的金融危机似乎很遥远。如果垃圾债券、加密货币或科技股主要是用借来的钱购买的，其价值暴跌可能会引发一波强制抛售、破产和潜在的危机。但这似乎并没有发生。Archegos Capital Management最近因衍生品股票投资逆转而倒闭，给其贷方造成了损失。但这并没有威胁到他们的生存，也没有引发对处境相似的公司的蔓延。</blockquote>“Where’s the second Archegos?” said Mr. Bianco. “There hasn’t been one yet.”<blockquote>“第二个阿尔奇戈斯在哪里？”比安科先生说。“还没有。”</blockquote>That leaves inflation. Fear of inflation is widespread now with shortages of semiconductors, lumber, and workers all putting upward pressure on prices and costs. Most forecasters, and the Fed, think those pressures will ease once the economy has reopened and normal spending patterns resume. Nonetheless, the difference between yields on regular and inflation-indexed bond yields suggest investors are expecting inflation in coming years to average about 2.5%. That is hardly a repeat of the 1970s, and compatible with the Fed’s new goal of average 2% inflation over the long term. Nonetheless, it would be a clear break from the sub-2% range of the last decade.<blockquote>这就剩下通货膨胀了。由于半导体、木材和工人的短缺都给价格和成本带来了上行压力，对通胀的担忧现在很普遍。大多数预测者和美联储认为，一旦经济重新开放和正常支出模式恢复，这些压力将会缓解。尽管如此，常规债券收益率和通胀指数债券收益率之间的差异表明，投资者预计未来几年的通胀率平均约为2.5%。这很难是20世纪70年代的重演，也符合美联储长期平均通胀率2%的新目标。尽管如此，这将明显打破过去十年低于2%的区间。</blockquote>Slightly higher inflation would result in the Fed setting short-term interest rates also slightly higher, which need not hurt stock valuations. More worrisome: Long-term bond yields, which are critical to stock values, might rise significantly more. Since the late 1990s, bond and stock prices have tended to move in opposite directions. That is because when inflation isn’t a concern, economic shocks tend to drive both bond yields (which move in the opposite direction to prices) and stock prices down. Bonds thus act as an insurance policy against losses on stocks, for which investors are willing to accept lower yields. If inflation becomes a problem again, then bonds lose that insurance value and their yields will rise. In recent months that stock-bond correlation, in place for most of the last few decades, began to disappear, said Brian Sack, a former Fed economist who is now with hedge fund D.E. Shaw &amp; Co. LP. He attributes that, in part, to inflation concerns.<blockquote>通胀略高将导致美联储将短期利率也略高，这不一定会损害股票估值。更令人担忧的是：对股票价值至关重要的长期债券收益率可能会大幅上升。自20世纪90年代末以来，债券和股票价格往往朝着相反的方向波动。这是因为当通胀不是问题时，经济冲击往往会压低债券收益率（与价格走势相反）和股票价格。因此，债券充当了抵御股票损失的保险政策，投资者愿意接受较低的收益率。如果通货膨胀再次成为一个问题，那么债券就会失去保险价值，其收益率就会上升。前美联储经济学家、现就职于对冲基金D.E.的布莱恩·萨克(Brian Sack)表示，近几个月来，过去几十年大部分时间里存在的股债相关性开始消失。肖公司。他将此部分归因于通胀担忧。</blockquote>The many years since inflation dominated the financial landscape have led investors to price assets as if inflation never will have that sway again. They may be right. But if the unprecedented combination of monetary and fiscal stimulus succeeds in jolting the economy out of the last decade’s pattern, that complacency could prove quite costly.<blockquote>多年来，通货膨胀主导了金融领域，这导致投资者对资产定价，就好像通货膨胀再也不会产生这种影响一样。他们可能是对的。但如果史无前例的货币和财政刺激组合成功地使经济摆脱了过去十年的模式，这种自满可能会付出相当大的代价。</blockquote>\n<div class=\"bt-text\">\n\n\n 来源：<a href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-happens-to-stocks-and-cryptocurrencies-when-the-fed-stops-raining-money-11620446420?mod=itp_wsj\">The Wall Street Journal</a>\n为提升您的阅读体验，我们对本页面进行了排版优化\n\n\n</div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"","relate_stocks":{},"source_url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-happens-to-stocks-and-cryptocurrencies-when-the-fed-stops-raining-money-11620446420?mod=itp_wsj","is_english":true,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1122089368","content_text":"To veterans of financial bubbles, there is plenty familiar about the present. Stock valuations are their richest since the dot-com bubble in 2000. Home prices are back to their pre-financial crisis peak. Risky companies can borrow at the lowest rates on record. Individual investors are pouring money into green energy and cryptocurrency.This boom has some legitimate explanations, from the advances in digital commerce to fiscally greased growth that will likely be the strongest since 1983.But there is one driver above all: the Federal Reserve. Easy monetary policy has regularly fueled financial booms, and it is exceptionally easy now. The Fed has kept interest rates near zero for the past year and signaled rates won’t change for at least two more years. It is buying hundreds of billions of dollars of bonds. As a result, the 10-year Treasury bond yield is well below inflation—that is, real yields are deeply negative —for only the second time in 40 years.There are good reasons why rates are so low. The Fed acted in response to a pandemic that at its most intense threatened even more damage than the 2007-09 financial crisis. Yet in great part thanks to the Fed and Congress, which has passed some $5 trillion in fiscal stimulus, this recovery looks much healthier than the last. That could undermine the reasons for such low rates, threatening the underpinnings of market.“Equity markets at a minimum are priced to perfection on the assumption rates will be low for a long time,” said Harvard University economist Jeremy Stein, who served as a Fed governor alongside now-chairman Jerome Powell. “And certainly you get the sense the Fed is trying really hard to say, ‘Everything is fine, we’re in no rush to raise rates.’ But while I don’t think we’re headed for sustained high inflation it’s completely possible we’ll have several quarters of hot readings on inflation.”Since stocks’ valuations are only justified if interest rates stay extremely low, how do they reprice if the Fed has to tighten monetary policy to combat inflation and bond yields rise one to 1.5 percentage points, he asked. “You could get a serious correction in asset prices.”‘A bit frothy’The Fed has been here before. In the late 1990s its willingness to cut rates in response to the Asian financial crisis and the near collapse of the hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management was seen by some as an implicit market backstop, inflating the ensuing dot-com bubble. Its low-rate policy in the wake of that collapsed bubble was then blamed for driving up housing prices. Both times Fed officials defended their policy, arguing that to raise rates (or not cut them) simply to prevent bubbles would compromise their main goals of low unemployment and inflation, and do more harm than letting the bubble deflate on its own.As for this year, in a report this week the central bank warned asset “valuations are generally high” and “vulnerable to significant declines should investor risk appetite fall, progress on containing the virus disappoint, or the recovery stall.” On April 28 Mr. Powell acknowledged markets look “a bit frothy” and the Fed might be one of the reasons: “I won’t say it has nothing to do with monetary policy, but it has a tremendous amount to do with vaccination and reopening of the economy.” But he gave no hint the Fed was about to dial back its stimulus: “The economy is a long way from our goals.” A Labor Department report Friday showing that far fewer jobs were created in April than Wall Street expected underlined that.The Fed’s choices are heavily influenced by the financial crisis. While the Fed cut rates to near zero and bought bonds then as well, it was battling powerful headwinds as households, banks, and governments sought to pay down debts. That held back spending and pushed inflation below the Fed’s 2% target. Deeper-seated forces such as aging populations also held down growth and interest rates, a combination some dubbed “secular stagnation.”The pandemic shutdown a year ago triggered a hit to economic output that was initially worse than the financial crisis. But after two months, economic activity began to recover as restrictions eased and businesses adapted to social distancing. The Fed initiated new lending programs and Congress passed the $2.2 trillion Cares Act. Vaccines arrived sooner than expected. The U.S. economy is likely to hit its pre-pandemic size in the current quarter, two years faster than after the financial crisis.And yet even as the outlook has improved, the fiscal and monetary taps remain wide open. Democrats first proposed an additional $3 trillion in stimulus last May when output was expected to fall 6% last year. It actually fell less than half that, but Democrats, after winning both the White House and Congress, pressed ahead with the same size stimulus.The Fed began buying bonds in March, 2020 to counter chaotic conditions in markets. In late summer, with markets functioning normally, it extended the program while tilting the rationale toward keeping bond yields low.At the same time it unveiled a new framework: After years of inflation running below 2%, it would aim to push inflation not just back to 2% but higher, so that over time average and expected inflation would both stabilize at 2%. To that end, it promised not to raise rates until full employment had been restored and inflation was 2% and headed higher. Officials predicted that would not happen before 2024 and have since stuck to that guidance despite a significantly improving outlook.Running of the bullsThis injection of unprecedented monetary and fiscal stimulus into an economy already rebounding thanks to vaccinations is why Wall Street strategists are their most bullish on stocks since before the last financial crisis, according to a survey byBank of AmericaCorp.While profit forecasts have risen briskly, stocks have risen more. The S&P 500 stock index now trades at about 22 times the coming year’s profits, according to FactSet, a level only exceeded at the peak of the dot-com boom in 2000.Other asset markets are similarly stretched. Investors are willing to buy the bonds of junk-rated companies at the lowest yields since at least 1995, and the narrowest spread above safe Treasurys since 2007, according to Bloomberg Barclays data. Residential and commercial property prices, adjusted for inflation, are around the peak reached in 2006.Stock and property valuations are more justifiable today than in 2000 or in 2006 because the returns on riskless Treasury bonds are so much lower. In that sense, the Fed’s policies are working precisely as intended: improving both the economic outlook, which is good for profits, housing demand, and corporate creditworthiness; and the appetite for risk.Nonetheless, low rates are no longer sufficient to justify some asset valuations. Instead, bulls invoke alternative metrics.Bank of America recently noted companies with relatively low carbon emissions and higher water efficiency earn higher valuations. These valuations aren’t the result of superior cash flow or profit prospects, but a tidal wave of funds invested according to environmental, social and governance, or ESG, criteria.Conventional valuation is also useless for cryptocurrencies which earn no interest, rent or dividends. Instead, advocates claim digital currencies will displace the fiat currencies issued by central banks as a transaction medium and store of value. “Crypto has the potential to be as revolutionary and widely adopted as the internet,” claims the prospectus of the initial public offering of crypto exchangeCoinbase GlobalInc.,in language reminiscent of internet-related IPOs more than two decades earlier. Cryptocurrencies as of April 29 were worth more than $2 trillion, according to CoinDesk, an information service, roughly equivalent to all U.S. dollars in circulation.Financial innovation is also at work, as it has been in past financial booms. Portfolio insurance, a strategy designed to hedge against market losses, amplified selling during the 1987 stock market crash. In the 1990s, internet stockbrokers fueled tech stocks and in the 2000s, subprime mortgage derivatives helped finance housing. The equivalent today are zero commission brokers such as Robinhood Markets Inc., fractional ownership and social media, all of which have empowered individual investors.Such investors increasingly influence the overall market’s direction, according to a recent report by the Bank for International Settlements, a consortium of the world’s central banks. It found, for example, that since 2017 trading volume in exchange-traded funds that track the S&P 500, a favorite of institutional investors, has flattened while the volume in its component stocks, which individual investors prefer, has climbed. Individuals, it noted, are more likely to buy a company’s shares for reasons unrelated to its underlying business—because, for example, its name is similar to another stock that is on the rise.While such speculation is often blamed on the Fed, drawing a direct line is difficult. Not so with fiscal stimulus. Jim Bianco, the head of financial research firm Bianco Research, said flows into exchange-traded funds and mutual funds jumped in March as the Treasury distributed $1,400 stimulus checks. “The first thing you do with your check is deposit it in your account and in 2021 that’s your brokerage account,” said Mr. Bianco.Facing the futureIt’s impossible to predict how, or even whether, this all ends. It doesn’t have to: High-priced stocks could eventually earn the profits necessary to justify today’s valuations, especially with the economy’s current head of steam. In he meantime, more extreme pockets of speculation may collapse under their own weight as profits disappoint or competition emerges.Bitcoin once threatened to displace the dollar; now numerous competitors purport to do the same.TeslaInc.was once about the only stock you could buy to bet on electric vehicles; now there is China’s NIO Inc.,NikolaCorp., andFiskerInc.,not to mention established manufacturers such as Volkswagen AG andGeneral MotorsCo.that are rolling out ever more electric models.But for assets across the board to fall would likely involve some sort of macroeconomic event, such as a recession, financial crisis, or inflation.The Fed report this past week said the virus remains the biggest threat to the economy and thus the financial system. April’s jobs disappointment was a reminder of how unsettled the economic outlook remains. Still, with the virus in retreat, a recession seems unlikely now. A financial crisis linked to some hidden fragility can’t be ruled out. Still, banks have so much capital and mortgage underwriting is so tight that something similar to the 2007-09 financial crisis, which began with defaulting mortgages, seems remote. If junk bonds, cryptocoins or tech stocks are bought primarily with borrowed money, a plunge in their values could precipitate a wave of forced selling, bankruptcies and potentially a crisis. But that doesn’t seem to have happened. The recent collapse of Archegos Capital Management from reversals on derivatives-based stock investments inflicted losses on its lenders. But it didn’t threaten their survival or trigger contagion to similarly situated firms.“Where’s the second Archegos?” said Mr. Bianco. “There hasn’t been one yet.”That leaves inflation. Fear of inflation is widespread now with shortages of semiconductors, lumber, and workers all putting upward pressure on prices and costs. Most forecasters, and the Fed, think those pressures will ease once the economy has reopened and normal spending patterns resume. Nonetheless, the difference between yields on regular and inflation-indexed bond yields suggest investors are expecting inflation in coming years to average about 2.5%. That is hardly a repeat of the 1970s, and compatible with the Fed’s new goal of average 2% inflation over the long term. Nonetheless, it would be a clear break from the sub-2% range of the last decade.Slightly higher inflation would result in the Fed setting short-term interest rates also slightly higher, which need not hurt stock valuations. More worrisome: Long-term bond yields, which are critical to stock values, might rise significantly more. Since the late 1990s, bond and stock prices have tended to move in opposite directions. That is because when inflation isn’t a concern, economic shocks tend to drive both bond yields (which move in the opposite direction to prices) and stock prices down. Bonds thus act as an insurance policy against losses on stocks, for which investors are willing to accept lower yields. If inflation becomes a problem again, then bonds lose that insurance value and their yields will rise. In recent months that stock-bond correlation, in place for most of the last few decades, began to disappear, said Brian Sack, a former Fed economist who is now with hedge fund D.E. Shaw & Co. LP. He attributes that, in part, to inflation concerns.The many years since inflation dominated the financial landscape have led investors to price assets as if inflation never will have that sway again. They may be right. But if the unprecedented combination of monetary and fiscal stimulus succeeds in jolting the economy out of the last decade’s pattern, that complacency could prove quite costly.","news_type":1,"symbols_score_info":{}},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":843,"commentLimit":10,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false,"reportStatus":false,"symbols":[],"verified":2,"subType":0,"readableState":1,"langContent":"EN","currentLanguage":"EN","warmUpFlag":false,"orderFlag":false,"shareable":true,"causeOfNotShareable":"","featuresForAnalytics":[],"commentAndTweetFlag":false,"andRepostAutoSelectedFlag":false,"upFlag":false,"length":8,"xxTargetLangEnum":"ORIG"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"isTiger":false,"isWeiXinMini":false,"url":"/m/post/107292355"}