RTWL
2021-09-16
MOASS of gamestop soon! 🚀
Short-selling stocks -- and trying to play short squeezes -- can be very dangerous<blockquote>卖空股票——并试图进行空头挤压——可能非常危险</blockquote>
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If you are new to either or haven't delved into the mechanics of short-selling, it's important to understand how this type of high-stakes trading can influence stock prices, even if you have no intention of doing it yourself.</p><p><blockquote>投资和交易是两种完全不同的活动。如果您是这两者的新手或尚未深入研究卖空机制，那么了解这种高风险交易如何影响股价非常重要，即使您自己无意这样做。</blockquote></p><p> Shorting a stock is one of the riskiest things you can do as an investor. But the meme-stock craze -- essentially playing the other side of short trades -- can be nearly as risky because of the wild swings in share prices.</p><p><blockquote>作为投资者，做空股票是风险最大的事情之一。但模因股票热潮——本质上是空头交易的另一面——由于股价的剧烈波动，风险几乎同样大。</blockquote></p><p> First, some definitions. In this article, investing means buying something and holding it, hoping that it goes up in value, that it provides income or both. Trading is buying and selling frequently to book gains.</p><p><blockquote>首先，一些定义。在本文中，投资意味着购买某样东西并持有它，希望它升值，希望它提供收入或两者兼而有之。交易就是频繁地买入和卖出以获得收益。</blockquote></p><p> If you buy a stock, you have only risked the amount you invested. The stock can go to zero and you can lose 100% of the money you invested.</p><p><blockquote>如果您购买股票，您只承担了投资金额的风险。股票可能会跌至零，您可能会损失100%的投资资金。</blockquote></p><p> If you short-sell a stock, you are betting that the price will go down and there is no limit on your potential losses if the share price rises unexpectedly. This is not to say your loss potential is unlimited -- your broker will limit your losses by demanding more collateral to ensure you can cover those losses.</p><p><blockquote>如果你卖空一只股票，你是在赌价格会下跌，如果股价意外上涨，你的潜在损失是无限的。这并不是说您的潜在损失是无限的——您的经纪人会通过要求更多抵押品来限制您的损失，以确保您能够弥补这些损失。</blockquote></p><p> <b>The mechanics of shorting a stock</b></p><p><blockquote><b>做空股票的机制</b></blockquote></p><p> Short-selling a stock is when you borrow shares of a company and sell them immediately because you expect the price to drop, after which you can repurchase the shares, return them to the lender and pocket the difference. It is a specialized strategy for some professional investors and traders but for individuals, it can be very risky and for more than one reason.</p><p><blockquote>卖空股票是指您借入一家公司的股票并立即出售，因为您预计价格会下跌，之后您可以回购股票，将其返还给贷方并将差价收入囊中。对于一些专业投资者和交易者来说，这是一种专门的策略，但对于个人来说，这可能非常危险，原因不止一个。</blockquote></p><p> Some professionals have profited from highly publicized bets against companies they felt were in poor financial condition. Some have even alleged that corporate management teams have misled investors through inflated claims about their products or services.</p><p><blockquote>一些专业人士从大肆宣传的押注中获利，押注他们认为财务状况不佳的公司。一些人甚至声称公司管理团队通过夸大其产品或服务来误导投资者。</blockquote></p><p> For example, shortseller Hindenburg Research's claims that Lordstown Motors had overstated the success of internal efforts to develop battery and fuel-cell capacity for electric trucks helped lead to a federal indictment against its founder, Trevor Milton, and the stock plunged.</p><p><blockquote>例如，卖空者兴登堡研究公司声称洛兹敦汽车公司夸大了内部开发电动卡车电池和燃料电池产能的努力的成功，导致其创始人特雷弗·米尔顿(Trevor Milton)受到联邦起诉，股价暴跌。</blockquote></p><p> The above definition of short-selling is simple, but the devil is in the details, which will follow after some more definitions:</p><p><blockquote>上面对卖空的定义很简单，但魔鬼在细节中，这将在更多的定义之后出现：</blockquote></p><p> Having a long position in a stock means you own the shares and expect (or hope) they go up in price.</p><p><blockquote>持有股票多头头寸意味着您拥有该股票并期望（或希望）其价格上涨。</blockquote></p><p> Covering is when someone with a short position buys back the shares, to end the short trade and return them to the seller. The short-seller hopes to cover after the share price declines and book a profit. But the short-seller may also cover to limit losses if the price has gone up.</p><p><blockquote>回补是指持有空头头寸的人回购股票，以结束空头交易并将其返还给卖方。卖空者希望在股价下跌后回补并获利。但如果价格上涨，卖空者也可能会补仓以限制损失。</blockquote></p><p> Margin is the amount of money an investor (or trader) has borrowed from their broker. You can set up a margin account with your broker to buy shares essentially on credit as well as to short a stock, in both cases with a limit set by the broker. If you are betting that the stock price will go down but it instead goes up, you may need to put up more collateral to maintain the agreed-upon margin. Otherwise the broker will begin selling your securities.</p><p><blockquote>保证金是投资者（或交易者）从经纪人那里借入的金额。你可以在你的经纪人那里设立一个保证金账户，基本上是赊购股票，也可以做空股票，这两种情况都有经纪人设定的限额。如果您押注股价会下跌但实际上会上涨，您可能需要提供更多抵押品来维持约定的保证金。否则经纪人将开始出售您的证券。</blockquote></p><p> This brings us to our final definition: A short squeeze takes place when many investors looking to cover short positions start buying a stock at the same time. The resulting feeding frenzy pushes the share price higher, compelling more traders with short positions to cover, and so on. This can happen to any trader, and if you have a large portion of your risk concentrated in one short position, you can lose your shirt.</p><p><blockquote>这就引出了我们的最终定义：当许多寻求回补空头头寸的投资者同时开始购买股票时，就会发生轧空。由此产生的疯狂喂食推动股价走高，迫使更多持有空头头寸的交易者回补，等等。这可能发生在任何交易者身上，如果你的大部分风险集中在一个空头头寸上，你可能会血本无归。</blockquote></p><p> <b>Shorting is best left to the professionals</b></p><p><blockquote><b>做空最好留给专业人士</b></blockquote></p><p> One reason why the deck is stacked against an individual short-seller is that they cannot mitigate their risk by offsetting a large number of short positions with a large number of long positions.</p><p><blockquote>对单个卖空者不利的一个原因是，他们无法通过用大量多头头寸抵消大量空头头寸来降低风险。</blockquote></p><p> A professional short-seller might have dozens of long positions offsetting a large number of short positions -- both based on their own extensive research. They expect to get some trades wrong, but with the risk spread out, as well as their own triggers for when to cover, the overall risk to the pro manager from any one short squeeze may be relatively small.</p><p><blockquote>一个专业的卖空者可能有几十个多头头寸来抵消大量的空头头寸——这两者都是基于他们自己的广泛研究。他们预计会犯一些错误，但随着风险的分散，以及他们自己何时回补的触发因素，任何一次轧空给职业经理人带来的总体风险可能相对较小。</blockquote></p><p> And if you short a stock, there is the risk of a slow (or fast) bleed as you wait for a stock to go down enough for you to make your desired profit. For example, at one point in August 2021, shares of electric vehicle manufacturer Workhorse Group were 35.81% sold-short according to FactSet.</p><p><blockquote>如果你做空一只股票，当你等待一只股票下跌到足以让你获得想要的利润时，就有缓慢（或快速）流血的风险。例如，根据FactSet的数据，2021年8月，电动汽车制造商Workhorse Group的股票一度被卖空35.81%。</blockquote></p><p></p><p> At that time, it cost 6% annually to borrow shares of Workhorse from a broker, according to one portfolio manager. That may not seem to be very much, but if that stock had gone up after you shorted it say, 14%, then you would be paying 20% a year for the privilege of making a risky trade.</p><p><blockquote>一位投资组合经理表示，当时从经纪人那里借入Workhorse股票的年成本为6%。这可能看起来不是很多，但如果该股票在您做空后上涨了14%，那么您每年将支付20%的费用来获得进行风险交易的特权。</blockquote></p><p> <b>Trying to time short-squeezes -- the meme-stock craze</b></p><p><blockquote><b>试图把握空头挤压的时机——模因股票热潮</b></blockquote></p><p> Let's turn to a real example of short-selling and short squeezes. Professional traders had been shorting shares of videogame retailer GameStop and cinema operator AMC Entertainment because they didn't think the businesses had much of a future. But shares of both shot up in early 2021 because of short squeezes, which some traders posting in Reddit's WallStreetBets channel portrayed as a class struggle against hedge funds that had shorted the stocks. These so-called meme stocks have remained well above their pre-short-squeeze levels.</p><p><blockquote>让我们转向卖空和轧空的真实例子。专业交易员一直在做空视频游戏零售商游戏驿站和影院运营商AMC院线的股票，因为他们认为这些企业没有太大的未来。但由于轧空，这两家公司的股价在2021年初飙升，一些交易员在Reddit的WallStreetBets频道上发帖称，这是针对做空股票的对冲基金的阶级斗争。这些所谓的模因股票仍远高于轧空前的水平。</blockquote></p><p> Short interest in GameStop was higher than 100% through most of January, according to data provided by FactSet. Short interest in AMC Entertainment reached 57.81%.</p><p><blockquote>FactSet提供的数据显示，1月份大部分时间，游戏驿站的空头兴趣均高于100%。AMC院线的空头兴趣达到57.81%。</blockquote></p><p> Pros consider short interest above 30% to 40% to be dangerously high. Not only do high short percentages make it very expensive to borrow the shares but they create hair triggers for short squeezes. And that's what happened, with shares of both GameStop and AMC Entertainment going on roller-coaster rides.</p><p><blockquote>专业人士认为空头利息高于30%至40%是危险的。高空头百分比不仅使借入股票变得非常昂贵，而且还为轧空创造了一触即发的触发器。事情就是这样，游戏驿站和AMC院线的股价都在坐过山车。</blockquote></p><p> To be sure, the squeezes worked for traders who got in and out at the right times. It wasn't so neat for others. This chart shows GameStop's stock price for the first eight months of 2021.</p><p><blockquote>可以肯定的是，挤压对在正确的时间进出的交易者有效。对其他人来说就没那么整洁了。这张图表显示了游戏驿站2021年前八个月的股价。</blockquote></p><p> <p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/817e6cd2941b0510d18a938d2d34145e\" tg-width=\"700\" tg-height=\"600\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\"><span>FACTSET</span></p><p><blockquote><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><span>FACTSET</span></p></blockquote></p><p> The share of short interest for both stocks has since fallen sharply, making another short squeeze far less likely. The business prospects for both continue to look poor, especially relative to the broader stock market. Then again, both companies have taken advantage of the new interest among traders by issuing more shares to raise cash that could enable them to transform their businesses into healthier models.</p><p><blockquote>此后，这两只股票的空头兴趣份额大幅下降，使得再次轧空的可能性大大降低。两者的商业前景仍然不佳，尤其是相对于更广泛的股市而言。话又说回来，两家公司都利用了交易员的新兴趣，发行更多股票来筹集现金，使他们能够将业务转变为更健康的模式。</blockquote></p><p> The bottom line is that shorting individual stocks can be very risky. If you cut this risk by shorting many stocks for particular reasons while offsetting those shorts with long positions and monitoring all positions continually, you won't have time for much else -- you will be a professional trader.</p><p><blockquote>底线是做空个股可能风险很大。如果你通过出于特定原因做空许多股票，同时用多头头寸抵消这些空头并持续监控所有头寸来降低这种风险，你将没有时间做太多其他事情——你将成为一名专业交易者。</blockquote></p><p></p>","source":"lsy1603348471595","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>Short-selling stocks -- and trying to play short squeezes -- can be very dangerous<blockquote>卖空股票——并试图进行空头挤压——可能非常危险</blockquote></title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 12.5px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\nShort-selling stocks -- and trying to play short squeezes -- can be very dangerous<blockquote>卖空股票——并试图进行空头挤压——可能非常危险</blockquote>\n</h2>\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n<p class=\"head\">\n<strong class=\"h-name small\">MarketWatch</strong><span class=\"h-time small\">2021-09-16 15:34</span>\n</p>\n</h4>\n</header>\n<article>\n<p>How this type of high-stakes trading can influence stock prices</p><p><blockquote>这种高风险交易如何影响股价</blockquote></p><p> <p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/d2a0fe9f473bd854010152ae460a3ae3\" tg-width=\"700\" tg-height=\"466\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\"><span>It's easy to follow and online trading fad using your phone - and just as easy to lose a lot of money.</span></p><p><blockquote><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><span>使用手机很容易跟随和在线交易时尚，也很容易损失很多钱。</span></p></blockquote></p><p> Investing and trading are two completely different activities. If you are new to either or haven't delved into the mechanics of short-selling, it's important to understand how this type of high-stakes trading can influence stock prices, even if you have no intention of doing it yourself.</p><p><blockquote>投资和交易是两种完全不同的活动。如果您是这两者的新手或尚未深入研究卖空机制，那么了解这种高风险交易如何影响股价非常重要，即使您自己无意这样做。</blockquote></p><p> Shorting a stock is one of the riskiest things you can do as an investor. But the meme-stock craze -- essentially playing the other side of short trades -- can be nearly as risky because of the wild swings in share prices.</p><p><blockquote>作为投资者，做空股票是风险最大的事情之一。但模因股票热潮——本质上是空头交易的另一面——由于股价的剧烈波动，风险几乎同样大。</blockquote></p><p> First, some definitions. In this article, investing means buying something and holding it, hoping that it goes up in value, that it provides income or both. Trading is buying and selling frequently to book gains.</p><p><blockquote>首先，一些定义。在本文中，投资意味着购买某样东西并持有它，希望它升值，希望它提供收入或两者兼而有之。交易就是频繁地买入和卖出以获得收益。</blockquote></p><p> If you buy a stock, you have only risked the amount you invested. The stock can go to zero and you can lose 100% of the money you invested.</p><p><blockquote>如果您购买股票，您只承担了投资金额的风险。股票可能会跌至零，您可能会损失100%的投资资金。</blockquote></p><p> If you short-sell a stock, you are betting that the price will go down and there is no limit on your potential losses if the share price rises unexpectedly. This is not to say your loss potential is unlimited -- your broker will limit your losses by demanding more collateral to ensure you can cover those losses.</p><p><blockquote>如果你卖空一只股票，你是在赌价格会下跌，如果股价意外上涨，你的潜在损失是无限的。这并不是说您的潜在损失是无限的——您的经纪人会通过要求更多抵押品来限制您的损失，以确保您能够弥补这些损失。</blockquote></p><p> <b>The mechanics of shorting a stock</b></p><p><blockquote><b>做空股票的机制</b></blockquote></p><p> Short-selling a stock is when you borrow shares of a company and sell them immediately because you expect the price to drop, after which you can repurchase the shares, return them to the lender and pocket the difference. It is a specialized strategy for some professional investors and traders but for individuals, it can be very risky and for more than one reason.</p><p><blockquote>卖空股票是指您借入一家公司的股票并立即出售，因为您预计价格会下跌，之后您可以回购股票，将其返还给贷方并将差价收入囊中。对于一些专业投资者和交易者来说，这是一种专门的策略，但对于个人来说，这可能非常危险，原因不止一个。</blockquote></p><p> Some professionals have profited from highly publicized bets against companies they felt were in poor financial condition. Some have even alleged that corporate management teams have misled investors through inflated claims about their products or services.</p><p><blockquote>一些专业人士从大肆宣传的押注中获利，押注他们认为财务状况不佳的公司。一些人甚至声称公司管理团队通过夸大其产品或服务来误导投资者。</blockquote></p><p> For example, shortseller Hindenburg Research's claims that Lordstown Motors had overstated the success of internal efforts to develop battery and fuel-cell capacity for electric trucks helped lead to a federal indictment against its founder, Trevor Milton, and the stock plunged.</p><p><blockquote>例如，卖空者兴登堡研究公司声称洛兹敦汽车公司夸大了内部开发电动卡车电池和燃料电池产能的努力的成功，导致其创始人特雷弗·米尔顿(Trevor Milton)受到联邦起诉，股价暴跌。</blockquote></p><p> The above definition of short-selling is simple, but the devil is in the details, which will follow after some more definitions:</p><p><blockquote>上面对卖空的定义很简单，但魔鬼在细节中，这将在更多的定义之后出现：</blockquote></p><p> Having a long position in a stock means you own the shares and expect (or hope) they go up in price.</p><p><blockquote>持有股票多头头寸意味着您拥有该股票并期望（或希望）其价格上涨。</blockquote></p><p> Covering is when someone with a short position buys back the shares, to end the short trade and return them to the seller. The short-seller hopes to cover after the share price declines and book a profit. But the short-seller may also cover to limit losses if the price has gone up.</p><p><blockquote>回补是指持有空头头寸的人回购股票，以结束空头交易并将其返还给卖方。卖空者希望在股价下跌后回补并获利。但如果价格上涨，卖空者也可能会补仓以限制损失。</blockquote></p><p> Margin is the amount of money an investor (or trader) has borrowed from their broker. You can set up a margin account with your broker to buy shares essentially on credit as well as to short a stock, in both cases with a limit set by the broker. If you are betting that the stock price will go down but it instead goes up, you may need to put up more collateral to maintain the agreed-upon margin. Otherwise the broker will begin selling your securities.</p><p><blockquote>保证金是投资者（或交易者）从经纪人那里借入的金额。你可以在你的经纪人那里设立一个保证金账户，基本上是赊购股票，也可以做空股票，这两种情况都有经纪人设定的限额。如果您押注股价会下跌但实际上会上涨，您可能需要提供更多抵押品来维持约定的保证金。否则经纪人将开始出售您的证券。</blockquote></p><p> This brings us to our final definition: A short squeeze takes place when many investors looking to cover short positions start buying a stock at the same time. The resulting feeding frenzy pushes the share price higher, compelling more traders with short positions to cover, and so on. This can happen to any trader, and if you have a large portion of your risk concentrated in one short position, you can lose your shirt.</p><p><blockquote>这就引出了我们的最终定义：当许多寻求回补空头头寸的投资者同时开始购买股票时，就会发生轧空。由此产生的疯狂喂食推动股价走高，迫使更多持有空头头寸的交易者回补，等等。这可能发生在任何交易者身上，如果你的大部分风险集中在一个空头头寸上，你可能会血本无归。</blockquote></p><p> <b>Shorting is best left to the professionals</b></p><p><blockquote><b>做空最好留给专业人士</b></blockquote></p><p> One reason why the deck is stacked against an individual short-seller is that they cannot mitigate their risk by offsetting a large number of short positions with a large number of long positions.</p><p><blockquote>对单个卖空者不利的一个原因是，他们无法通过用大量多头头寸抵消大量空头头寸来降低风险。</blockquote></p><p> A professional short-seller might have dozens of long positions offsetting a large number of short positions -- both based on their own extensive research. They expect to get some trades wrong, but with the risk spread out, as well as their own triggers for when to cover, the overall risk to the pro manager from any one short squeeze may be relatively small.</p><p><blockquote>一个专业的卖空者可能有几十个多头头寸来抵消大量的空头头寸——这两者都是基于他们自己的广泛研究。他们预计会犯一些错误，但随着风险的分散，以及他们自己何时回补的触发因素，任何一次轧空给职业经理人带来的总体风险可能相对较小。</blockquote></p><p> And if you short a stock, there is the risk of a slow (or fast) bleed as you wait for a stock to go down enough for you to make your desired profit. For example, at one point in August 2021, shares of electric vehicle manufacturer Workhorse Group were 35.81% sold-short according to FactSet.</p><p><blockquote>如果你做空一只股票，当你等待一只股票下跌到足以让你获得想要的利润时，就有缓慢（或快速）流血的风险。例如，根据FactSet的数据，2021年8月，电动汽车制造商Workhorse Group的股票一度被卖空35.81%。</blockquote></p><p></p><p> At that time, it cost 6% annually to borrow shares of Workhorse from a broker, according to one portfolio manager. That may not seem to be very much, but if that stock had gone up after you shorted it say, 14%, then you would be paying 20% a year for the privilege of making a risky trade.</p><p><blockquote>一位投资组合经理表示，当时从经纪人那里借入Workhorse股票的年成本为6%。这可能看起来不是很多，但如果该股票在您做空后上涨了14%，那么您每年将支付20%的费用来获得进行风险交易的特权。</blockquote></p><p> <b>Trying to time short-squeezes -- the meme-stock craze</b></p><p><blockquote><b>试图把握空头挤压的时机——模因股票热潮</b></blockquote></p><p> Let's turn to a real example of short-selling and short squeezes. Professional traders had been shorting shares of videogame retailer GameStop and cinema operator AMC Entertainment because they didn't think the businesses had much of a future. But shares of both shot up in early 2021 because of short squeezes, which some traders posting in Reddit's WallStreetBets channel portrayed as a class struggle against hedge funds that had shorted the stocks. These so-called meme stocks have remained well above their pre-short-squeeze levels.</p><p><blockquote>让我们转向卖空和轧空的真实例子。专业交易员一直在做空视频游戏零售商游戏驿站和影院运营商AMC院线的股票，因为他们认为这些企业没有太大的未来。但由于轧空，这两家公司的股价在2021年初飙升，一些交易员在Reddit的WallStreetBets频道上发帖称，这是针对做空股票的对冲基金的阶级斗争。这些所谓的模因股票仍远高于轧空前的水平。</blockquote></p><p> Short interest in GameStop was higher than 100% through most of January, according to data provided by FactSet. Short interest in AMC Entertainment reached 57.81%.</p><p><blockquote>FactSet提供的数据显示，1月份大部分时间，游戏驿站的空头兴趣均高于100%。AMC院线的空头兴趣达到57.81%。</blockquote></p><p> Pros consider short interest above 30% to 40% to be dangerously high. Not only do high short percentages make it very expensive to borrow the shares but they create hair triggers for short squeezes. And that's what happened, with shares of both GameStop and AMC Entertainment going on roller-coaster rides.</p><p><blockquote>专业人士认为空头利息高于30%至40%是危险的。高空头百分比不仅使借入股票变得非常昂贵，而且还为轧空创造了一触即发的触发器。事情就是这样，游戏驿站和AMC院线的股价都在坐过山车。</blockquote></p><p> To be sure, the squeezes worked for traders who got in and out at the right times. It wasn't so neat for others. This chart shows GameStop's stock price for the first eight months of 2021.</p><p><blockquote>可以肯定的是，挤压对在正确的时间进出的交易者有效。对其他人来说就没那么整洁了。这张图表显示了游戏驿站2021年前八个月的股价。</blockquote></p><p> <p class=\"t-img-caption\"><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/817e6cd2941b0510d18a938d2d34145e\" tg-width=\"700\" tg-height=\"600\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer\"><span>FACTSET</span></p><p><blockquote><p class=\"t-img-caption\"><span>FACTSET</span></p></blockquote></p><p> The share of short interest for both stocks has since fallen sharply, making another short squeeze far less likely. The business prospects for both continue to look poor, especially relative to the broader stock market. Then again, both companies have taken advantage of the new interest among traders by issuing more shares to raise cash that could enable them to transform their businesses into healthier models.</p><p><blockquote>此后，这两只股票的空头兴趣份额大幅下降，使得再次轧空的可能性大大降低。两者的商业前景仍然不佳，尤其是相对于更广泛的股市而言。话又说回来，两家公司都利用了交易员的新兴趣，发行更多股票来筹集现金，使他们能够将业务转变为更健康的模式。</blockquote></p><p> The bottom line is that shorting individual stocks can be very risky. If you cut this risk by shorting many stocks for particular reasons while offsetting those shorts with long positions and monitoring all positions continually, you won't have time for much else -- you will be a professional trader.</p><p><blockquote>底线是做空个股可能风险很大。如果你通过出于特定原因做空许多股票，同时用多头头寸抵消这些空头并持续监控所有头寸来降低这种风险，你将没有时间做太多其他事情——你将成为一名专业交易者。</blockquote></p><p></p>\n<div class=\"bt-text\">\n\n\n<p> 来源：<a href=\"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/short-selling-stocks-and-trying-to-play-short-squeezes-can-be-very-dangerous-11631716710?mod=home-page\">MarketWatch</a></p>\n<p>为提升您的阅读体验，我们对本页面进行了排版优化</p>\n\n\n</div>\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"","relate_stocks":{".IXIC":"NASDAQ Composite","AMC":"AMC院线",".SPX":"S&P 500 Index","WKHS":"Workhorse Group, Inc.","GME":"游戏驿站",".DJI":"道琼斯"},"source_url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/short-selling-stocks-and-trying-to-play-short-squeezes-can-be-very-dangerous-11631716710?mod=home-page","is_english":true,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"2167599164","content_text":"How this type of high-stakes trading can influence stock prices\nIt's easy to follow and online trading fad using your phone - and just as easy to lose a lot of money.\nInvesting and trading are two completely different activities. If you are new to either or haven't delved into the mechanics of short-selling, it's important to understand how this type of high-stakes trading can influence stock prices, even if you have no intention of doing it yourself.\nShorting a stock is one of the riskiest things you can do as an investor. But the meme-stock craze -- essentially playing the other side of short trades -- can be nearly as risky because of the wild swings in share prices.\nFirst, some definitions. In this article, investing means buying something and holding it, hoping that it goes up in value, that it provides income or both. Trading is buying and selling frequently to book gains.\nIf you buy a stock, you have only risked the amount you invested. The stock can go to zero and you can lose 100% of the money you invested.\nIf you short-sell a stock, you are betting that the price will go down and there is no limit on your potential losses if the share price rises unexpectedly. This is not to say your loss potential is unlimited -- your broker will limit your losses by demanding more collateral to ensure you can cover those losses.\nThe mechanics of shorting a stock\nShort-selling a stock is when you borrow shares of a company and sell them immediately because you expect the price to drop, after which you can repurchase the shares, return them to the lender and pocket the difference. It is a specialized strategy for some professional investors and traders but for individuals, it can be very risky and for more than one reason.\nSome professionals have profited from highly publicized bets against companies they felt were in poor financial condition. Some have even alleged that corporate management teams have misled investors through inflated claims about their products or services.\nFor example, shortseller Hindenburg Research's claims that Lordstown Motors had overstated the success of internal efforts to develop battery and fuel-cell capacity for electric trucks helped lead to a federal indictment against its founder, Trevor Milton, and the stock plunged.\nThe above definition of short-selling is simple, but the devil is in the details, which will follow after some more definitions:\nHaving a long position in a stock means you own the shares and expect (or hope) they go up in price.\nCovering is when someone with a short position buys back the shares, to end the short trade and return them to the seller. The short-seller hopes to cover after the share price declines and book a profit. But the short-seller may also cover to limit losses if the price has gone up.\nMargin is the amount of money an investor (or trader) has borrowed from their broker. You can set up a margin account with your broker to buy shares essentially on credit as well as to short a stock, in both cases with a limit set by the broker. If you are betting that the stock price will go down but it instead goes up, you may need to put up more collateral to maintain the agreed-upon margin. Otherwise the broker will begin selling your securities.\nThis brings us to our final definition: A short squeeze takes place when many investors looking to cover short positions start buying a stock at the same time. The resulting feeding frenzy pushes the share price higher, compelling more traders with short positions to cover, and so on. This can happen to any trader, and if you have a large portion of your risk concentrated in one short position, you can lose your shirt.\nShorting is best left to the professionals\nOne reason why the deck is stacked against an individual short-seller is that they cannot mitigate their risk by offsetting a large number of short positions with a large number of long positions.\nA professional short-seller might have dozens of long positions offsetting a large number of short positions -- both based on their own extensive research. They expect to get some trades wrong, but with the risk spread out, as well as their own triggers for when to cover, the overall risk to the pro manager from any one short squeeze may be relatively small.\nAnd if you short a stock, there is the risk of a slow (or fast) bleed as you wait for a stock to go down enough for you to make your desired profit. For example, at one point in August 2021, shares of electric vehicle manufacturer Workhorse Group were 35.81% sold-short according to FactSet.\nAt that time, it cost 6% annually to borrow shares of Workhorse from a broker, according to one portfolio manager. That may not seem to be very much, but if that stock had gone up after you shorted it say, 14%, then you would be paying 20% a year for the privilege of making a risky trade.\nTrying to time short-squeezes -- the meme-stock craze\nLet's turn to a real example of short-selling and short squeezes. Professional traders had been shorting shares of videogame retailer GameStop and cinema operator AMC Entertainment because they didn't think the businesses had much of a future. But shares of both shot up in early 2021 because of short squeezes, which some traders posting in Reddit's WallStreetBets channel portrayed as a class struggle against hedge funds that had shorted the stocks. These so-called meme stocks have remained well above their pre-short-squeeze levels.\nShort interest in GameStop was higher than 100% through most of January, according to data provided by FactSet. Short interest in AMC Entertainment reached 57.81%.\nPros consider short interest above 30% to 40% to be dangerously high. Not only do high short percentages make it very expensive to borrow the shares but they create hair triggers for short squeezes. And that's what happened, with shares of both GameStop and AMC Entertainment going on roller-coaster rides.\nTo be sure, the squeezes worked for traders who got in and out at the right times. It wasn't so neat for others. This chart shows GameStop's stock price for the first eight months of 2021.\nFACTSET\nThe share of short interest for both stocks has since fallen sharply, making another short squeeze far less likely. The business prospects for both continue to look poor, especially relative to the broader stock market. Then again, both companies have taken advantage of the new interest among traders by issuing more shares to raise cash that could enable them to transform their businesses into healthier models.\nThe bottom line is that shorting individual stocks can be very risky. If you cut this risk by shorting many stocks for particular reasons while offsetting those shorts with long positions and monitoring all positions continually, you won't have time for much else -- you will be a professional trader.","news_type":1,"symbols_score_info":{".IXIC":0.9,".DJI":0.9,".SPX":0.9,"WKHS":0.9,"AMC":0.9,"GME":0.9,"RIDE":0.9}},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":486,"commentLimit":10,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false,"reportStatus":false,"symbols":[],"verified":2,"subType":0,"readableState":1,"langContent":"EN","currentLanguage":"EN","warmUpFlag":false,"orderFlag":false,"shareable":true,"causeOfNotShareable":"","featuresForAnalytics":[],"commentAndTweetFlag":false,"andRepostAutoSelectedFlag":false,"upFlag":false,"length":22,"xxTargetLangEnum":"ORIG"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"isTiger":false,"isWeiXinMini":false,"url":"/m/post/885517277"}
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